In "Making the Modern World," Vaclav Smil delves deep into the heart of our civilization's material underpinnings, presenting a meticulously researched exploration of how materials—from the stone and wood of our ancestors to the plastics and silicon of today—have shaped human progress. With the world standing at a crossroads of consumption and sustainability, Smil interrogates the critical question of how much further the affluent world can, and should, push its material consumption. Through a compelling narrative that spans the arc of human history, Smil illustrates not just how these materials were discovered, extracted, and utilized, but also the immense cost their consumption exerts on our planet. The book stands as a beacon for understanding the boundless appetite for materials and the implications of continuing down a path of unchecked demand, driven by population growth and rising standards of living. Smil masterfully navigates the complexities of dematerialization—the potential reduction in material usage without sacrificing economic development—challenging the reader to consider whether efficiency and recycling can truly offset the environmental impact of our material dependencies. By analyzing trends in material extraction, processing, and the energy costs associated with rising material consumption, "Making the Modern World" presents a sobering outlook on the future of our planet. Smil's interdisciplinary approach not only sheds light on the environmental challenges we face but also offers a nuanced perspective on the prospects for achieving sustainable material consumption. This book is an essential read for anyone seeking to understand the delicate balance between our material demands and the health of our world, providing a foundation for informed discussion and decision-making on one of the most pressing issues of our time.